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Do you want to be richer?

Saturday, October 2, 2010

The original title of this blog post was "Do you want to be rich?".  Then, I decided to change the last word as it would be more inclusive.  Almost everything is relative in this world, after all.  Few things are absolutes, such as death.  Even then, there could be debates on the different degrees of death. 

Oh well, modern society does complicate things.






This blog post was inspired by a recent late night chat in LP's infamous cbox. I was just sharing my ideas on how we could generate passive income from the stock market when a person mentioned that not everyone has $500k to begin with. 

Well, unless we are very lucky, I doubt anyone would have that kind of money from day one.  Then, a long discussion ensued in which I felt there wasn't any real engagement. 

Anyway, if someone feels that way, it could be possible that there are others who feel the same way.  Hence, the genesis of this post.

Let's go back in time. In an earlier blog post, I mentioned a personal aim for a minimum of $50k passive income from the stock market. I said that we just need $500k invested with a 10% yield.  I gave examples of REITs which I was vested in which I felt could help deliver this passive income target.  These are REITs which I blog about quite a lot and readers who are considering my strategy could be kept updated.






Question: How on Earth could an average worker amass $500k in capital through working and by being frugal? The operative word being "average". 

An example was given on how a Diploma holder making $2k a month would find it hard to achieve this. 

Well, if we were making $2k a month, we would have to make more money more quickly towards this end. 

However, if we did not do anything to change the status quo, we would continue making only $2k month. 

We cannot logically expect an improvement in our circumstances if we do not make an effort to change for the better. 

So, stop being "average".







For example, a certain full time private tutor I know managed to save $50k per annum! That's inspirational, if I do say so myself. He probably took on more students and worked harder. He should perhaps up his fees but that's just me. All of us could make incremental changes to our lives to be more productive.

What is the first step towards passive income generation? 

Find a job that pays us as much as we are worth or more than we are worth. Do not shortchange ourselves.  

If we are worth more than $2k a month, find people who are willing to pay us more.  If we are only worth $2k a month, find ways of increasing our value. Upgrade ourselves.

I would like to share another example here. I had a fellow soldier for a student when I was in the Army.  I gave him free English classes because he was not from a well to do family and the evenings in camp were pretty free anyway.  He took his 'O' Levels English paper twice before and he could not make the grade but he did not give up. 

I was then 24 years old and had just graduated from university but I was quite a bit older than he.

After a few months of lessons, I advised the student that perhaps there was another route that he could take. He should spend some time thinking of what he was really interested in and what he was good at.  Doing English was an uphill task for him.  

When I met him again a few years ago, he told me he was doing some IT stuff which involved laying cables and networking workstations. It was all Greek to me but he was doing very well with a pay of more than $6k a month! This is a success story which I still share with my students today.






Find your strengths and build on them.

Unless we are physically or mentally disadvantaged, if we would like to be richer, we could find ways of doing it.  

If we thought that making $2k a month was what we were supposed to make and that it was our fate, then, it would become a self-fulfilling prophecy. 

If we wallow in self-pity, the only people who would show us sympathy would be people with the same mindset. It becomes a reinforcing vicious cycle! 

We build our own traps!








If we want to be richer, make it happen. How? The will must exist and it must be strong. Where there is a will, there is a way! This rings true.

When we make money, we must know how to save money. Recognise what are our needs and what are our wants. Fulfill the needs and delay gratification of the wants. Save as much as we can. 

Once we have an amount of money which could cover a year or two worth of routine expenses, we can start thinking of investing the rest.

Must all that $500k capital be from working hard and being frugal? 

Going back to an earlier blog post, I mentioned that when we invest in income generating assets, the passive income generated could be re-invested or it could be spent. If we re-invest, our targets (be it $500k or $100k) could be achieved sooner.  

This is the power of compounding.








To illustrate the power of compounding, let me use an institution in Singapore that we are all familiar with: the CPF.  When I first started working, I was thinking of how probable it was for me to meet the CPF minimum sum set by the Singapore government by the time I retire. 

Most of our contribution goes into the Ordinary Account (OA) while a much smaller sum goes into the Special Account (SA). 

At the face of it, 2.5% interest for the OA and 4.0% for the SA have only a 1.5% difference per annum but think of it a bit more and we realise that that the SA pays 60% more in interest compared to the OA!  Furthermore, if we compound 4% per annum, it becomes a very powerful force!

So, I voluntarily transferred my OA money into my SA for the first few years of my working life. Then, I let the government and time help me meet the minimum sum required through compounding 4% interest per annum.  Every 10 years, the SA money would grow 50% even if the monthly contributions should stop.





Do you want to be richer? 

Obviously, you do, otherwise, you would not have reached this part of the post. How soon do I think we could amass S$500k from the day we start working? 

To give a specific time period is difficult because it would depend on each person's circumstances but my point is that if we have the will to achieve it, and if we are physically and mentally whole, we will find ways to do it.


Related posts:
1. How much to have or how much to use?
2. 7 steps to creating passive income from stocks.
3. Building and preserving our wealth.
4. A minimum of $50k in annual passive income.
5. Money management: Needs and Wants.

Singapore Flyer: Halloween.

I took the Flyer once before with my family and really enjoyed it. I thought that the ticket was a bit pricey but it was a family outing and it is the tallest observation wheel in the world, well, until the one in Beijing is completed, that is.


I was just surfing for promotions and good deals when I stumbled upon this.  On 16,17, 23, 24, 30 and 31 October 2010, the Singapore Flyer will have special attractions which are free in nature: "Spooky Rainforest" and "Halloween Photo Stand-in".

Read about it here.

New highs in September.

Friday, October 1, 2010

I just did a blog stats update in August and was planning to do another update in December which would make my updates thrice yearly.  However, September's numbers surprised me so much on the upside that I just have to blog about it.  Numbers improved and made new highs in all three categories. In September, my blog registered 38,987 page loads, 22,712 unique visitors and 11,841 returning visitors.


On top of these numbers, Alexa reported that readers are spending a lot more time reading my blog. This is a happy development as it probably means that I have readers who are combing my blog for older posts on subjects which interest them.  A summary from Alexa says:

Singaporeanstocksinvestor.blogspot.com has a three-month global Alexa traffic rank of 702,778. Visitors to it view an average of 2.7 unique pages per day. The fraction of visits to the site referred by search engines is approximately 2%. 

Singaporeanstocksinvestor.blogspot.com has attained a traffic rank of 2,437 among users in Singapore, where almost all its audience is located. Visitors to the site spend approximately two minutes on each pageview and a total of nine minutes on the site during each visit.

To everyone who has made my blog as popular as it is today, a big "THANK YOU". :-)

Related posts:
Blog statistics: January to August 2010.
Alexa (Part 2).

Genting SP: A strong rebound.



Together with the STI's stellar performance, Genting SP staged a strong rebound.  The MACD histogram turned green, a buy signal but the rise in price was not accompanied by heavy volume.  This suggests that price rebounded on short covering and that it rose because of a lack of sellers and not because of an abundance of buyers.


This rebound was probably a good chance for bulls to reduce exposure. Personally, I feel that a resumption of a downward movement towards the 50dMA is likely and that further upside could be capped by the 38.2% Fibo line at $2.05. However, with an upgrade by OCBC, I wonder which way it would go.  It is a grand tug of war between research houses.


Golden Agriculture: 56c support.

Thursday, September 30, 2010

Golden Agriculture seems to have found support at 56c. As the falling MACD made contact with zero, the histogram turned green: a buy signal.  Today's white candle is on the back of relatively low volume and that to me is not convincing of a recovery. However, this does not mean that price could not enjoy a respite and rebound.  If a rebound takes place, it would confirm the buy signal on the MACD histogram but could meet with immediate resistance at 57.5c.

Well, 56c is only one bid shy of 55.5c which is where we find the rising 200dMA which coincides with the uptrend support line.  This is, therefore, likely to be a rather strong support.  So, buying at 56c for anyone who would like to have a stake in Golden Agriculture seems fairly safe.  Personally, I am waiting for the dust to settle.

Related post:
Golden Agriculture: Breaking support.

Courage Marine: Lengthy consolidation.

A friend asked me what I think of Courage Marine and I told him I like its numbers and I like how the BDI seems to have stabilised at $2,500 thereabouts.  I feel that Courage Marine shouldn't have bad news with regards to earnings. The main reason why I have not really talked about Courage Marine very much recently is the lack of anything newsworthy.


Courage Marine's share price seems to be going through a lengthy consolidation period.  Nothing exciting either way. OBV is flat which indicates a lack of any distribution or accumulation activities. Seems like status quo to me. The MFI still suggests the presence of demand while the RSI has bounced off the 50% mark which suggests some buying momentum is present.

The 20d, 50d and 100d MAs have all merged at 19c.  19c could either become a strong support or a strong resistance in such a case. Which way would it go? Well, we have a buy signal on the MACD histogram and with the MFI and OBV more positive than negative, I would hazard a guess: up. In such an instance, I see resistance at 20c, 21c and 23c.  Good luck to my friend and fellow shareholders.

Related post:
Courage Marine: Awakening.

Genting SP: An orderly retreat.

No one likes to see his investment plunging in value but anyone who bought some Genting SP's shares towards the end of its run up to $2.18 could be nursing a huge paper loss now, if he did not cut his losses.

On 28 Sep, I mentioned that "we could see more selling pressure in the near term.  If $1.93 gives way, I see the next support level at $1.84, give or take a cent. Strong support should be provided by the rising 50dMA which is currently at $1.60." Today, price action formed a low at $1.85, just a cent shy of $1.84, before closing at $1.86.  That >5m shares were sold down at $1.86 post closing at 5.05pm suggests more downside to come.


The momentum oscillators are firmly downward moving and the OBV shows clear distribution underway.  It would seem that the 50dMA would be called upon as support in due course. What price would that be at?  If I were to hazard a guess, it could be close to $1.70 next week.  That is where we find the lower Bollinger band and it also seems like a natural candlestick support.  Of course, a nice round number is mostly psychologically important.

Do I expect any panic selling? That's a tough one to answer but looking at the volume of trade as the stock was sold down this week, it looks like an orderly retreat to me.  No spike in trade volume.  So, this is perhaps a consolation for shareholders.

Related post:
Genting SP: CEO pares stake.


CIT: Show me the numbers.

I was asked by some if the proposed purchase by Cambridge Industrial Trust (CIT) is a good move. I went to SGX and downloaded the document on: PROPOSED ACQUISITION OF 25 TAI SENG AVENUE.

The property is valued at S$21.5m but is being sold at $21.1m to CIT and CIT has "sufficient financial flexibility and capacity to fund the Acquisition which is expected to complete by 4th quarter of 2010" which I interpret to mean that they do not need to do a share placement or rights issue.

I would rather like to have some numbers so that I could see if this purchase is income yield accretive but unfortunately, these numbers are not available.  Instead, the managers just say:

"The Manager believes that 25 Tai Seng Avenue is a quality industrial asset that has been purchased at an attractive yield which is comparable or better than yields of recent  transactions in the market.

"Additionally, the acquisition of 25 Tai Seng Avenue will further reduce the reliance of CIT’s income stream on any single asset and tenant, increase the weighted average lease tenure of CIT’s portfolio as at 30 June 2010 and reduce CIT’s lease expiry concentration in 2013 and 2014."


Can't do much analysis without the necessary numbers.

Saizen REIT: Divestment of properties.

Wednesday, September 29, 2010

Saizen REIT has managed to divest another four properties in its YK Shintoku portfolio.  A friend asked me if this is a good thing and my answer was an unequivocal "yes".  Why?

1. The plan to divest some properties of YK Shintoku to reduce the borrowing amount is with approval from the CMBS lenders. This shows that the lenders have no wish to foreclose YK Shintoku and would rather have their money back. In the meantime, they enjoy a rich 7.07% interest payment on the loan amount.

2. Saizen REIT's management is currently in negotiations with financial institutions to refinance YK Shintoku's loan and by divesting some properties, its absolute loan quantum is smaller and this makes it more palatable to potential lenders.  Like I mentioned before, a successful re-financing of YK Shintoku's loan would most likely result in a much lower interest rate which would lead to a positive re-rating of the REIT.

3. The properties divested are at smallish discounts to their most recent valuations.  The discounts are at 0.2%, 3.7%, 5.3% and 6.1% for the four different properties. This demonstrates the return of buying interest in the Japanese real estate sector as investors seek out better returns for their money.  This bodes well for Saizen REIT as the apartment buildings that they own are below replacement value.  This means that investors are unlikely to build new and would rather seek to buy in the resale market.

Following the loan repayment using sale proceeds from the divestments, the remaining balance of YK Shintoku's loan is estimated to be approximately JPY 6.6 billon (S$103.6 million). The loan was JPY 7.1billion (S$111.5 million) before.

See announcement here.

Related post:
Saizen REIT: Emphasis of matter.

Gold can double from here over the next 5 years.

"Despite all the hype about its multi-year rally, gold is actually lagging many other commodities in that it hasn't yet eclipsed its 1980 high on an inflation-adjusted basis, Holmes says, noting the same is true of silver."


Posted Sep 28, 2010 12:00pm EDT by Aaron Task

Gold hits another record high of US$1,308.00, the eighth time it has hit a new high in the last two weeks!  Read article here.

Related posts:
Buy more silver on weakness. 
Real value of gold.

SPH: Closing above $4.20.

SPH experienced a nice white candle day with price closing at $4.21.  This is the first time it has closed above the $4.20 resistance level in more than two years. That this took place on the back of volume expansion (volume was three times more than the previous session) gives hope that we could possibly see higher prices in the near future.


The higher highs in the OBV shows continual accumulation.  The MFI has formed a higher low and being at a very low level now, it has much room to rise before becoming overbought. The MACD has turned up and seems poised for a bullish crossover with the signal line.

Immediate support is now at $4.16 as provided by the 20dMA.  Immediate target is $4.30.

Related post:
SPH: $4.20 is still resistance.

K-REIT: In retreat.

Tuesday, September 28, 2010

The overbought buying momentum in K-REIT was corrected today as the RSI slipped out of overbought territory.  OBV shows that the trend of accumulation is intact and the MFI still shows rather strong demand.  So?  I won't be overly concerned with the selling down.


Immediate support is at $1.26 which is where we find the 20dMA.  Any further selling should find the next support level at $1.22, the top of a consolidation formation and this is also where we find the 50dMA approximating.  If $1.22 should give, which could, of course, happen, the next support is at $1.16.

Related post:
K-REIT: Moving into the next band?

Saizen REIT: Cheaper please.

Quite recently, in LP's cbox, I mentioned that I was watching Saizen REIT like a hawk, believing that there would be some people who would lose patience and sell down their stakes. Today, it happened and I was waiting at 15c.  Buying at 15c is similar to what we would have paid for Saizen REIT last year in December.


Saizen REIT was sold down heavily, most of it at 15.5c, today for whatever reason. The lack of interest by the market at large in this counter is quite obvious as the MACD has been hugging the signal line. At below zero, the momentum is clearly negative.  The MFI has been forming lower highs, a sign of flagging demand. RSI shows a slowing of buying momentum. 16c could possibly be a strong resistance now as that is where all the MAs are approximating.

The annual report would be out soon and I would take some time to go through it but I doubt I would find anything unexpected.  Value is what we get and price is what we pay.  If Mr. Market is willing to sell to me an undervalued stock at a lower price, I would graciously (or greedily) accept.

AIMS AMP Capital Industrial REIT: Cheaper please.

AIMS AMP Capital Industrial REIT's unit price declined today to hit a low of 21c. I was in the buy queues at 21.5c and 21c.  Didn't manage to get any at 21c.  With an estimated DPU of 2.08c, buying at 21.5c gives a yield of 9.67%.


Looking at the charts, I mentioned to some friends that getting some at 21c or even 20.5c is a distinct possibililty although 21.5c is psychologically important as it is the midpoint of the old trading range of 20c to 23c. I am keeping some powder dry as buying at 21c would give a yield of 9.9% while getting some at 20.5c, which is where we find the 100dMA, would give a yield of 10.15%!

Then, why not I wait for 20.5c and be done with it?  Well, TA only shows us the probable scenarios, not definite results. I always hedge. 9.67% yield is more than decent to me and quite acceptable.

Genting SP: CEO pares stake.

Genting SP rocketed to a high of $2.18 on 20 Sep which was also the day when OBV peaked and the MFI formed a higher high.  However, all parties come to an end or at least they need a break.  Genting SP's share price has retraced to support provided by the 20dMA at $1.93.  Will this support level hold? Or will we see more downside?


That the CEO sold down his stake to the tune of 900,000 shares yesterday at $2.047 each does not inspire much confidence in investors. We could see more selling pressure in the near term.  If $1.93 gives way, I see the next support level at $1.84, give or take a cent. Strong support should be provided by the rising 50dMA which is currently at $1.60.


Hock Lian Seng: 32c target.

Monday, September 27, 2010

Hock Lian Seng seems to be forming steps with the rising 20dMA pushing up the price at every step. The rising 20dMA would be at 30c soon.  A support seems to have formed at 30c for this construction stock.  Further upside would give a target of 32c.


While the OBV shows constant accumulation, the MFI shows lower highs forming.  So, accumulation is taking place amid lowering demand.  Not a powerful statement. A slow grind up is perhaps what we would see for this counter.

Related post:
Hock Lian Seng: Resistance broken.

FSL Trust: Rising from the depths.

It has been a while since I looked at FSL Trust. Today, it rose decisively.  Price action formed a wickless white candle, opening at 43.5c and closing at 45c. However, lacking in volume, one wonders if it would go on rising.


The rising 20dMA recently formed a golden cross with the 100dMA and this marks a strong support at 42c. Trading above the gap which was closed at 43.5c now brings the next resistance at 46c to play.  I see an eventual target as defined by the descending 200dMA, currently at 51c.

Related post:
FSL Trust: Where to from here?
FSL Trust: The skies are clearing up.

Golden Agriculture: Breaking support.

CPO price is at RM2,735, up RM34 or up 1.26%.  All CPO counters are up with the exception of Golden Agriculture which is affected by bad press.  It could potentially lose more customers.

On 25 Sep, I mentioned that "with the recent bad press and uncertainty as to whether things would worsen, it might be better to err on the side of caution and to stay sidelined".  Support at 57.5c gave way in this session as the counter closed at 56.5c, forming a bearish engulfing candle. Volume more than tripled compared to the previous session, a white candle day which I described as lacking in conviction.


The MACD continues plunging, increasing its distance from the signal line, as it heads towards zero.  MFI and RSI both formed lower highs with the latter breaking 50% as it heads lower.  OBV shows ongoing distribution. Technically weak, this counter could head lower unless there is some positive catalyst.

Next support level is at 55c, where we find the 100d and 200d MAs.  I have divested my remaining stake at 57.5c as the support broke and will wait for the dust to settle before deciding on re-entry.

Related post:
Golden Agriculture: Stay cautious.


Office S-REITs VS Industrial S-REITs.

Sunday, September 26, 2010

An earlier blog post on FCOT, CCT and K-REIT attracted much attention and many comments.  A friend asked me offline if I would invest in any of these REITs.  

Well, I have some pre-historic investments in FCOT and K-REIT while my investment in CCT was divested a few months back.  

Although I am not enthusiastic about office S-REITs, I am aware of what analysts are saying about how office rentals have bottomed in Singapore and that things are looking up.  So, office S-REITs should perform better from now.  The operative word here is "should".


Looking at the numbers, I still very much prefer industrial properties S-REITs and regular readers would know that I favour AIMS AMP Capital Industrial REIT (AA REIT).  With an XR DPU of 2.08c, its yield is 9.45% at the latest closing price of 22c. XR gearing level is 34.8%.  

With an interest cover ratio of 4.21x (correct as of 22 June 2010), it easily trumps CCT's 3.8x, K-REIT's 3.6x and, of course, FCOT's 2.74x.  

Furthermore, AA REIT's latest acquisition is yield accretive and it has managed to re-finance a S$175m loan due in 2012 at a better interest rate (from 3.5% to 2.16%), reducing interest cost.  So, its interest cover ratio should be higher in the near future.  This is a very promising REIT and I would accumulate on weakness.


A friend asked me about Mapletree Logistics Trust (MLT) recently. I remember that its yield is lower and that it has rather high gearing. Looking at its presentation slides of 25 July 2010, MLT's annualised DPU is 6c which means a yield of 6.82% at the latest unit price of 88c.  Gearing is at 38.8%.  Its interest cover ratio is 5.9x!  This probably explains its popularity.

On 28 July 10, I blogged about MLT's purchase of three distribution centres in Japan for a total of JPY13b or S$200m. At that time, I said "with these latest acquisitions, gearing level would be pushed up to 43.6%.  One wonders if Mapletree Log would go to unitholders with hat in hand in the near future or, perhaps, do a share placement."

As per expectation, recently, MLT launched an equity fund raising to raise approximately S$300 million in capital mostly to fund acquisitions in Singapore, Japan and South Korea.  Without the equity fund raising, MLT's gearing would be at 46% which is uncomfortable.  With this exercise, gearing level would be maintained at 38%.

So, what is my take? Although there is consensus that office S-REITs should do better from now, I would stick to industrial S-REITs as the numbers speak for themselves. 

Don't let my opinion stop you from buying into office S-REITs though.  Value is what we get and price is what we pay.  FA can never do the job of TA.  Good luck.

Related posts:
FCOT, CCT and K-REIT.
AIMS AMP Capital Industrial REIT: Rights issue.
Mapletree Log: Acquires properties in Japan.

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part I

I read all the books and it was the first attraction I went to when I visited Warner Brothers' "Movie World" in Gold Coast years ago. Spent lots of A$ on Harry Potter merchandise when I was there too.  Barking mad, I was.  Barking mad, I probably still am.  J.K. Rowling made so much money out of this but she deserves it.  I am gonna watch this one, for sure. Brilliant!




Business Cycles, Fiscal Policies and Monetary Policies.

I have always maintained that having some knowledge of Economics is useful in the modern world.  A reader, Paul, happens to be a student of the subject at a higher level.  He has kindly emailed me some essays which he has given me permission to publish.  I hope you find them as interesting as I have.

Business Cycles, Fiscal Policies and Monetary Policies

Business cycle refers to economic expansions and recessions. Developed economies normally have a 3-5% GDP growth annually. USA's potential GDP growth is about 2.5%. A recession happens when an economy has 2 consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth. Depression is a recession on a larger scale. It refers to a period when the GDP output falls by more than 25% and when there is high unemployment rate of about 20%. Depressions are longer in duration, often lasting more than 4 quarters.

Economic recessions could be the result of internal shocks and external shocks. In a recession, there is a lack of effective demand for goods and services. Some economists view recession as a natural occurrence as the economy goes through structural changes, as moving from sun-set industries to sun-rise industries. A recession could also be caused by structural failures such as the banking system. In short, the economy has to shed its excesses to be healthy again.

In the years prior to the recent financial crisis, Robert Lucas and Ben Bernanke declared that the central economic problem had been solved, business cycles were tamed and severe recessions were things of the past. We all know what happened in 2008.

After the Great Depression in 1930s, governments worldwide actively tried to tame the business cycles. USA went through a strong period of recovery powered by the industrial sector. The recessions were short and mild, while the recoveries were strong and sustained. This led to questions if the business cycle was obsolete? The next depression in the US was in 1970s, caused by external shocks such as the high oil prices. In the 1990s, the world again went through another period of small recessions and strong economic growth, which led to the comments made by Robert Lucas and Ben Bernanke. Is complacency one of the causes of the recent financial crisis?

Fiscal and monetary policies are employed by governments trying to tame the business cycle. Fiscal policies refer to the G component, which is the government. In times of economic expansion, governments would raise taxes, and cut their spending to prevent overheating of the economy. These are called contractionary fiscal policies which could lead to a budget surplus. In recessions, governments have to lower taxes and increase spending to stimulate demand in the economy. These are called expansionary fiscal policies which could lead to a budget deficit. For example, lowering taxes for both consumers and producers would increase their real income, and increase their spending respectively, all else being equal. This would result in a higher C and I component which increase the national income.

Monetary policies involved using the money supply to influence the interest rates. When money supply increases, interest rates will fall. When interest rates fall, cost of borrowing for both consumers and producers will fall. For example, this could lower mortgage interest payment for consumers and make it cheaper for producers to borrow money from the banks. This would again boost demand through C and I. Lower interest rates would also weaken the currency of the country, which would be positive for the country's trade balance, all else being equal.

Central Banks would normally be responsible for monetary policies in a country and they are supposed to be independent from the government with the main objective of achieving price stability, with an inflation target of 1-3%. In the recent crisis, Central Banks around the work also resorted to different methods to increase the money supply, such as quantitative easing and the use of reserve ratios for commercial banks.

As mentioned earlier, adopting expansionary fiscal policies could lead to deficits. Budget deficits could be funded by surpluses from previous budgets or the issuance of bonds to borrow from the market. As mentioned in earlier blog posts, most governments resorted to the issuance of bonds to finance budget deficits in the recent crisis. These bonds can be bought by domestic or foreign investors. Hence, we have the figures of debt to GDP ratio. When foreign investors are involved, it would cause movements in the exchange rates, due to changes in demand and supply of the home currency. This is one of the reason why Japan is upset when the Chinese government bought much more Japanese government bonds( JGBs) recently.

These policies are called demand side management policies, as they are used to stimulate demand in the economy. If fiscal spending is carried out to improve supply in the economy, for examples, through education and infrastructure spending, which would increase the future productivity of the country, then, these would be called supply side policies. The Singapore government has been constantly engaging in supply side policies through retraining programs for workers, investments in the education system, construction of new infrastructure such as metro rails, implementation of tax incentives for engaging in R&D activities etc. This would boost the country's productivity and competitiveness in the future.

The readings below focus on debt issues, and fiscal, monetary policies.

Sovereign Debt
http://www.economist.com/node/16397110?story_id=16397110
http://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2010/06/indebtedness_after_financial_crisis
http://www.economist.com/node/16397098?story_id=16397098
http://www.economist.com/node/16397086?story_id=16397086

Corporate Debt
http://www.economist.com/node/16397174?story_id=16397174

Consumer Debt
http://www.economist.com/node/16397124?story_id=16397124

Fiscal and Monetary Policies
http://www.economist.com/node/16943569?story_id=16943569

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Hope this helps to refresh your "A" Level Economics!
USA, a rock and a hard place: Paul opines.


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